All Warfare Is Based On Deception

The opening statement of Chapter 1 (Laying Plans) of The Art of War, and one of its most foundational principles. Sun Tzu argues that deception is not merely a tactic but the essential nature of warfare: every advantage depends on misleading the enemy about one's true intentions, strength, and position. The chapter lists thirteen stratagems that follow from this premise, including appearing incapable when capable and inactive when ready. The principle was so influential that it shaped Chinese strategic culture for over two millennia.